Rather than reduce rape to a tool for the purposes of promoting societal improvements, plot or character development, twenty-first century novels detail the rape and the victim’s struggle. The study of contemporary works reveals that the presence of rape in literature has evolved from one that obscures rape in favor of the supposed positive societal outcomes to one that places rape at the center of the novel and suggests that this change correlates with the palpable rise in social critiques regarding rape culture. The argument that literature is a foundational construct for today’s rape culture extends far beyond the first feminist wave however, recent commentary examines the changing role of contemporary fiction’s participation in rape culture with the hope that a closer examination of contemporary works will lend itself to a better understanding of the greater issue. The findings indicate the importance of providing assessment and intervention efforts to sexual assault survivors soon after the trauma occurs. Additionally, the state anger level was related to survivors’ deficient executive functioning. Rather than being associated with low IQ and education levels, these results could be from trauma-related effects in survivors with ASD. The ASD group also showed global impairment of executive functioning for set-shifting, attention, planning, and response inhibition compared to the HC group. The ASD group showed higher levels of depression, anxiety, and state anger, and lower IQ than the HC group. The assessments evaluated psychiatric symptoms including post-traumatic stress symptoms, depression, anxiety, and trait and state anger general intelligence indexed by intellectual quotient (IQ) and executive functioning including set-shift/attention, planning, spatial working memory, and inhibition using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery. Additionally, 25 age-matched female health controls (HC) never exposed to such a traumatic event were enrolled. Twenty-seven female rape survivors who met the criterion for acute stress disorder (ASD) were enrolled and completed the assessment within 4 weeks after the traumatic experience. This study aimed to examine the executive functioning of survivors exposed to recent sexual assaults. Modern replication of classic studies of rape and the jury can continue to inform psychologists and legal professionals, and the dissemination of this research can help provide justice to victims and perpetrators. We also address the notion that increased cultural salience of rape might lead defendants to be presumed guilty before evidence is considered in court. We emphasize variables that affect perceived credibility of victims and the reasons why victims might delay reporting their assault for prolonged periods of time. In reviewing empirical investigations of rape and the jury, this chapter asks and answers new questions that emerge in a culture increasingly aware of issues of nonconsensual sex. But jurors’ characteristics matter, too: Attitudes associated with rape myth acceptance and endorsement of traditional gender roles predict jurors’ reactions to victims, perpetrators, and trial evidence. Jurors also consider characteristics of the alleged perpetrator (e.g., his physical attractiveness or social status) and the testimony of expert witnesses, who often testify regarding the somewhat controversial concept of rape trauma syndrome. Unlike other case types, alleged victims in rape cases are essentially “on trial” as much as their alleged perpetrators: In their determination of whether rape occurred, jurors often consider information about the victim’s behavior prior to the alleged rape, including her sexual history, her attire, her consumption of alcohol, and whether she resisted sex.
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